Пропустили статию Егорова..Надо полагать, что к этому времени интересующие нас
названия быка, а также ряда других домашних животных были занесены
скифо-сакскими племенами восточно-иранского круга в степи Восточной и
Центральной Монголии (в ареал распространения так называемой «культуры
херексуров») и, вероятно, многие из них уже успели проникнуть в прототюркский
язык, ареал носителей которых мы склонны связывать с территорией культуры
плиточных могил15
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"Керексуры и оленные камни принадлежат прото-тюркам", аха..
Разве керексуры и оленные камни принадлежали андроновской културе?!?
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А какой ваш уровень подготовки? Закиев, и Мизиев, верно?
Мнение что "кумани - возможно/вероятно связани с команчами"- мнение Закиева..
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Л. С. Клейн Древние миграции и происхождение индоевропейских народов
Хелимский Е. А. "Южные соседи финно-угров: иранцы или исчезнувшая ветвь ариев («арии-андроновцы»)?
Напольских В. В., Энговатова А. В.
Симпозиум “Контакты между носителями индоевропейских и уральских языков в неолите, энеолите и бронзовом веке (7000-1000 гг. до н.э.) в свете лингвистических и археологических данных”
В докладе Владимира Владимировича Напольских (Ижевск) было предложено полтора десятка возможных лексических заимствований из ИЕ языка близкого тохарским (“паратохарского”) в уральских языках, среди которых слова со значением ‘металл’, ‘лошадь’, ‘лить’, ‘колесо’.
Lubotsky, Alexander 1998 "Tocharian loan words in Old Chinese: chariots, chariot gear, and town building."
https://www.openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/1887/2683/1/299_040.pdf
"The Rise of Agricultural Civilization in China:
The Disparity between Archeological Discovery and the Documentary Record and Its Explanation"
http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp175_chinese_civilization_agriculture.pdf
стр. 27, стр 30-34
"Comparison of Words between Old Chinese and Proto-Indo-European (Zhou 2002)"
"Correspondences of Cultural Words between Old Chinese and Proto-Indo-European (Zhou 2003)."
Tang, Jun "A Comparison between Chinese and Indo-European Word Series" (2002). JIES 32 (2004), p. 203 [Linguistics].
"Sino-Tibetan *kolo “Wheel” by Robert S. Bauer"
http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp047_sino-tibetan_wheel.pdf
"Correspondences of the Basic Words between Old Chinese and Proto-Indo-European
by Zhou Jixu"
Abstract
In order to ascertain the genetic relationship between different languages, the comparison of "the basic words" between them has been an important component of Comparative Historical Linguistics. The 89 groups of correspondent words between Old Chinese and ancient Indo-European, which belong to M. Swadesh's "200 basic words", are listed in the paper. This evidence gives us a clue: there must have been an intimate relationship between Chinese and Indo-European in the prehistoric period.
http://www.sino-platonic.org/abstracts/spp115_old_chinese.html
"Indo-European Vocabulary in Old Chinese
A New Thesis on the Emergence of Chinese Language
and Civilization in the Late Neolithic Age" by Tsung-tung Chang
http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp007_old_chinese.pdf
Julie Lee Wei "Counting and Knotting: Correspondences between Old Chinese and Indo-European"
ZHOU Jixu, Sichuan Normal University "Old Chinese '帝*tees' and Proto-Indo-European '*deus': Similarity in Religious Ideas and a Common Source in Linguistics"
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Стр 34
http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp175_chinese_civilization_agriculture.pdf
8. The Original Meaning of “Rong 戎”
According to Professor Yu Min: “ … [The word ‘Rong 戎’] was meant to indicate a style of life—nomadism—in the spoken language of the Zhou dynasty. The seed of agriculture was germinated in the period of Shennong (神农Holy Peasant). Whoever reverted to the life of the nomads could be called ‘Rong’” (Yu Min 1999: 210).
Accepting the meaning “nomadism” for the word “Rong戎” in archaic times, we now turn to the corresponding word “Rong” in the Proto-Indo-European languages.45 The origin of “nomad” is quoted from The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (p. 613):
nomad adoption of French nomade, Latin Nomad-, Nomas, pl. Nomades pastoral people wandering about with their flocks. Adoption of Greek nomad-, nomás roaming about, esp. for pasture, pl. Nomádes pastoral people, formed on *nom-, *nem- (némein pasture)…
Rong 戎, Old Chinese *num > *nung, Middle Chinese nžong, Mandarin rong. Shuo Wen Jie Zi (The Analysis and Annotation of Characters, Xu Shen, 121 AD): “Qiang羌, the western Rong people who live on pasturage of sheep (or goats).” (羌,西戎牧羊人也。) It is clear that the root of Proto-Indo-European *nom- is a cognate of OC *num. The sounds and the meanings are both equivalent. This is a good example of the fact that there were PIE words in the Old Chinese language.
We need to revise the conventional definition of Rong. If Rong and Qiang were regarded as two different nations, it would be a matter of great confusion why Qiang was also Rong at the same time, according to the explanation of Shuo Wen Jie Zi. Now we know that Rong was the name of followers of the nomadic way of life, and Qiang was the name of a nomadic tribe. So the exact translation of the explanation to Qiang羌 in Shuo Wen Jie Zi should be this: “Qiang, the western nomadic people who live on pasturage of sheep.” There were the compound words “Qiang Rong 羌戎” and “Shan Rong山戎” in classical Chinese documents. They can be understood more exactly now as “the nomads who pasture sheep and goats” and “the nomads who live in a mountainous (山) area.”
Shuo Wen Jie Zi: “Rong戎 means arms. The character consists of a spear and a loricate” [from the item戎, Shuo Wen Jie Zi]. Xu Shen (the author of Shuo Wen Jie Zi) probably was not unaware that Rong invariably meant nomads. But he had to abide by his rule of deriving the meaning of any characters from the several parts of which the character consists, a rule he followed in all of his works from A to Z. He had no choice but to set aside the earlier and obvious meaning of Rong because the structure of Rong means military affairs.46 The meaning derived from the pictorial structure of a
45 The large number of corresponding words between Old Chinese and ancient Indo-European languages can be pursued in my book Comparison of Words between Old Chinese and Indo-European (Zhou 2002). But “rong戎” and “nomad” are a new pair that were not discovered before its publication.
46 Shuo Wen Jie Tsi: “Qiang羌, the west Rong people who live on pasturage of sheep (or goats).” This shows that Xu Shen certainly knew the meaning “nomadic people” of the character Rong.
Zhou Jixu, “The Rise of the Agricultural Civilization in China,” Sino-Platonic Papers, 175 (December, 2006) 28
Chinese character certainly was not the original meaning of the word, though the character was created in very early times.47 Enough evidence shows that the original meaning of Rong is “nomads,” and the meaning of “arms” is only a derivate meaning due to the warlike nature of the nomadic people in the early ancient period.
The name "Rong" (the chineese name for a nomadic people) derives from Proto-Indo-European *nom- (kochevnik).
Zhou Jixu wrote: "It is clear that the root of Proto-Indo-European *nom- is a cognate of OC *num. The sounds and the meanings are both equivalent. This is a good example of the fact that there were PIE words in the Old Chinese language."
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СТР 37
http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp175_chinese_civilization_agriculture.pdf
3.2.1 Words Concerning Domestic Animals
The following Old Chinese words concerning domestic animals (except the last) have a corresponding relationship with archaic Indo-European words; half of these are still used in Modern Chinese today (quoted from Zhou 2002: 594).
1. 马**maarg, *mraag (horse) : PIE root *marko- (horse)
2. *狗*koog (dog) : Old Irish cū, Tokharian A ku (dog)
3. *犬**koond, *koong (dog): Old Frisian hund, Gothic hunds (dog)
4. 猈**breese, *breeg (dog with short legs): Old French basset (basset, short dog)
5. 豝*praa (hog): Old English bār (male hog), Latin porcus (hog)
6. 猳*kraa (male hog): Old English hogg (hog) <*k-
7. 牛**kwш, *ngwш (cow, bull): PIE root *gwow- (cow)
8. 犕*bшs (cow, bull): Greek bous, Latin bos (cow)
9. 驹**kwor, *kwo (horse): Old Frisian hors, Old Norse hross (horse)<*k-
10. *羖**kaad, *kaag (goat): PIE root ghaid- (goat)
11. 骠*bleus (yellow horse with white speckles): Old Norse bles (white mark on the forehead of cow or horse)
12. 犥*phleu (yellow cow with white speckles): (id.)
13. 羳*ban (a kind of goat with a yellow belly): Greek Pan (the god of shepherds)50
14. 罴(*bral >51 )*pral (bear): PIE root *bhar- (bear)
It is the equivalent words concerned with the horse that are most worthy of discussion. The horse was not an ordinary domestic animal used for daily life in the Yellow River valley in early ancient times. As with the ancient Egyptians and Hebrews, horses were not yet being used as sacrifices in the old custom of China. Horses and their concomitant chariots were significant advanced military equipment in those times. Shuo Wen Jie Zi: “ *mraag (马horse) is mighty and martial.”(马,怒也,武也。) The words “horse” and “martial” (武*maʔ) were cognate in OC. The Chinese words “horse,” “chariot,” and “march” all correspond to PIE words (Zhou 2002: 251-254). Primitive Indo-European people brought the horse and chariot into the Yellow River valley and conquered the region. The native people could never take advantage of the horse and chariot in war or for other purposes in early ancient times. It appears that the occurrence of the horse and chariot may be taken as a symbol of the Indo-European emergence in the Yellow River valley. *mraas祃 (the god of war; see section 3.2.3, item 6) is another cognate of this group, which was used in Shi Jing and therefore much earlier in time than was the Latin word Mars.
50 The god was made from a figure of a goat with horns and hoofs.
51 The character is pronounced with the second tone in Mandarin, so it should have a voiced initial in MC and OC.
OLD CHINESE INDO-EUROPEAN
*mraag (马horse): PIE root *marko- (horse)
*mag (武martial, march): Latin *marcare (march)
*mraas (祃the god of war): Latin. Mars (the god of war)
Mars should have an etymological relationship with the PIE root *marko- horse, like the relationship between other corresponding Old Chinese words. Thus we can reconstruct a cognate family around the nuclear word “horse,” crossing Indo-European and Old Chinese languages.